Indonesia’s Roles in Myanmar’s Rohingya Crisis: Through the Lens of Public Diplomacy

Authors

  • Revy Marlina LSPR Institute of Communication & Business
  • Yoseph Wahyu Kurniawan LSPR Institute of Communication & Business
  • Muhammad Rafly LSPR Institute of Communication & Business

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.37535/105003120245

Keywords:

Public Diplomacy, ASEAN, Indonesia, Rohingya's Crisis, Shuttle Diplomacy

Abstract

Myanmar's Rohingya crisis remains unresolved, with the Rohingya minority suffering human rights violations from the majority Buddhist Rakhine population, supported by the central government. As a result, many Rohingya have fled to neighboring countries like Thailand, India, Indonesia, Nepal, and others in the region (UN Refugees, 2022). Indonesia, a founding ASEAN member, believes ASEAN should address the Rohingya crisis, but ASEAN faces obstacles due to the non-intervention principle and differing ideologies and interests among member states. Concerned with the crisis since its emergence in 1948, Indonesia has intensified its peace-brokering efforts as the current ASEAN host, utilizing shuttle diplomacy and engaging key players in Myanmar. Resolving the conflict is significant for Indonesia, as it seeks to enhance its regional reputation and revive its influential role from the Soeharto era. Public diplomacy will be used in this paper by seeing the efforts of the Indonesian government, especially during President Jokowi's second term. As Joseph S. Nye said “soft power is the ability to affect others to obtain the outcomes one wants through attraction rather than coercion or payment,” we can see the Indonesia effort through shuttle diplomacy, implementation of the Five-Point Consensus on Myanmar, and humanitarian aid to solve this conflict.

Author Biographies

Revy Marlina, LSPR Institute of Communication & Business

Revy Marlina, S.Sos, M.A is a lecturer in International Relations Communication Studies in the Faculty of communication, LSPR Institute of Communication & Business. She had bachelor degree in International Relations major from UIN Jakarta and master degree in international law from Université Grenoble and Diplomacy and Strategic Negotiation from Université Paris Saclay, France. Before joining LSPR as lecturer, she worked as research assistant at BRIN (National Research and Innovation Agency), Indonesia and Canada Embassy in Indonesia.

Yoseph Wahyu Kurniawan, LSPR Institute of Communication & Business

Yoseph Wahyu Kurniawan, M.Ikom is a lecturer at the Faculty of Communication Sciences, LSPR Institute of Communication & Business. He had bachelor's and master's degrees from the LSPR Institute of Communication & Business. Currently, he works at the LSPR Institute of Communication & Business as Deputy Head of the Communication Study Program. Previously, he served as the Assistant to the Vice Rector 3 at the LSPR Institute of Communication & Business. 

Muhammad Rafly, LSPR Institute of Communication & Business

Muhammad Rafly, S.Ikom is an Assistant Lecturer in Public Speaking & Personal Branding for the Public Relations & Digital Communication in the Faculty of Communication at LSPR Communication & Business Institute. He had bachelor degree of Mass Communication and in a final year of his master degree of Corporate Communication at LSPR Institute.

References

Alam, J. (2019). The Current Rohingya Crisis in Myanmar in Historical Perspective. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 39(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602004.2019.1575560

Cull, N. J. (2008). Public Diplomacy: Taxonomies and Histories. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 616(1), 31-54. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716207311952

David A. Hoffman; Mediation and the Art of Shuttle Diplomacy. Negotiation Journal 2011; 27 (3): 263–309. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1571-9979.2011.00309.x

Hes, A. (2021). Globalization – the source of new crises (Issue 129) [The 21st International Scientific Conference Globalization and its Socio-Economic Consequences 2021]. EDP Sciences. https://www.shs-conferences.org/articles/shsconf/abs/2021/40/shsconf_glob2021_10004/shsconf_glob2021_10004.html

IOM UN Migration. (2024, March 4). Report on Migration, Environment, and Climate Change in Yemen. Environmental Migration Portal. https://environmentalmigration.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl1411/files/documents/2024-03/yemen-desk-review.pdf

Joshua E Blumenstock, Guanghua Chi, Xu Tan, Migration and the Value of Social Networks, The Review of Economic Studies, 2023;, rdad113, https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdad113

Kemenparekraf RI. (2023). Press Release ASEAN Summit 2023: Indonesia Urges Strengthening of ASEAN Institutional Capacity and Effectiveness. Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy / Tourism and Creative Economy Agency. https://kemenparekraf.go.id/en/articles/press-release-asean-summit-2023-indonesia-urges-strengthening-of-asean-institutional-capacity-and-effectiveness-2

Kemenlu RI. (2022, 10 06). Statement by Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia at the UNGA High-Level Side Event on “Rohingya Crisis” New York, 22 September 2022. Kementerian Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia. https://kemlu.go.id/portal/id/read/4049/pidato/statement-by-minister-for-foreign-affairs-of-the-republic-of-indonesia-at-the-unga-high-level-side-event-on-rohingya-crisis-new-york-22-september-2022

Kim, H. (2024, 4). When It Rains It Pours: Political Determinants of Inflation Crises in Civil War. The Korean Journal of International Studies, 22(1), 27-65. 10.14731/kjis.2024.04.22.1.27

Kleinfeld, R. (2023, September 5). Polarization, Democracy, and Political Violence in the United States: What the Research Says. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2023/09/polarization-democracy-and-political-violence-in-the-united-states-what-the-research-says?lang=en

Kuhnt, J. (2019, 6). Why Do People Leave Their Homes? Is There an Easy Answer? A Structured Overview of Migratory Determinants [Literature Review: Drivers of Migration]. Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik gGmbH. 10.23661/dp9.2019

Lee, S.J., & Melissen, J.B. (2011). Public diplomacy and soft power in East Asia.Nye, Joseph S. (2011). The Future of Power. New York: Public Affairs.

Lowe, G. F., & Bardoel, J. (2007). From Public Service Broadcasting to Public Service Media. Nordicom Göteborg University. https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1534710/FULLTEXT01.pdf

Magalhaẽs, C. J. (1988). The pure concept of diplomacy. New York: Greenwood Press.

Nye, J. S., Jr. (2019). Soft Power and Public Diplomacy Revisited. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 14(1-2), 7-20. https://doi.org/10.1163/1871191X-14101013

OECD. (2022). Migraton. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. https://www.oecd.org/en/topics/policy-issues/migration.html

Oltermann, P. (2020). How Angela Merkel's great migrant gamble paid off. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/aug/30/angela-merkel-great-migrant-gamble-paid-off

Public Diplomacy in a Changing World. (2008). The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 616(1), 291-317. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716208314503

Roozenbeek, J. (2020). The Failure of Russian Propaganda. University of Cambridge. https://www.cam.ac.uk/stories/donbaspropaganda

Serra, S., & Revez, J. (2024). Social inclusion of refugees and asylum seekers: The role of public libraries in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 56(2), 397-414. https://doi.org/10.1177/09610006221146549

Sukma, R. (2011). Soft Power and Public Diplomacy: The Case of Indonesia. In: Lee, S.J., Melissen, J. (eds) Public Diplomacy and Soft Power in East Asia. Palgrave Macmillan Series in Global Public Diplomacy. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230118447_6

Tirtosudarmo, Riwanto (2008). Critical Issues on Forced Migration Studies and The Refugee Crisis in Southeast Asia. Jurnal Kependudukan Indonesia, III(1), 1-20. https://ejurnal.kependudukan.lipi.go.id/index.php/jki/article/download/160/192

UNHCR. (2023, August 23). Rohingya Refugee Crisis Explained. USA for UNHCR: The UN Refugee Agency. https://www.unrefugees.org/news/rohingya-refugee-crisis-explained/#Rohingya

Vahabi, M. (2009). A Critical Review of Strategic Conflict Theory and Socio-political Instability Models. Revue d'économie politique, 119, 817-858. https://doi.org/10.3917/redp.196.0817

Vardya, R., & Nurhajati, L. (2022). Social News Site: People’s Interest and Content Spreading. Journal of Communication and Public Relations, 1(2), 54–63. https://doi.org/10.37535/105001220225

Vakhoneva, T. M., Mykolayets, D. A., Hryshyna, Y. M., Yurovska, V. V., & Dyachenko, O. A. (2023, 9). Legal Challenges to the Protection of Labor Rights of Refugees in the Digital age. Legality: Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum, 31(2), 245-265. https://ejournal.umm.ac.id/index.php/legality/article/download/26576/12834

Downloads

Published

2024-01-15

How to Cite

Marlina, R., Kurniawan, Y. W., & Rafly, M. (2024). Indonesia’s Roles in Myanmar’s Rohingya Crisis: Through the Lens of Public Diplomacy. Journal of Communication and Public Relations, 3(1), 81–103. https://doi.org/10.37535/105003120245